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The Black Banner or Black Standard (, also known as "banner of the eagle" or simply as "the banner") is one of the flags flown by Muhammad in Islamic tradition. It was historically used by Abu Muslim in his uprising leading to the Abbasid Revolution in 747 and is therefore associated with the Abbasid Caliphate in particular. It is also a symbol in Islamic eschatology (heralding the advent of the Mahdi),〔 from Majlisi,〕 and it has been used in contemporary Islamism and jihadism since the late 1990s. ==Origin== Before Islam, visible standards were used at least in the Roman army to identify the core of the legion – the Eagles. By the middle 600s AD, the Arabs were using standards for the same purpose. Among the Arabs the ' was a square banner; not to be confused with the ' or ', an identifying mark like a red turban.〔Martin Hinds, "The Banners and Battle Cries at Siffin" as published in ''Studies in Early Islamic History'' 4 (Darwin, 1996), 97-142; 104-6〕 Islamic tradition states that the Quraysh had a black ''liwā'' and a white-and-black ''rāya''.〔Hinds, 133〕 It further states that Muhammad had an ''`alam'' in white, nicknamed "The Young Eagle" (); and (relevant here) a ''rāya'' in black, said to be made from his wife Aisha's head-cloth. This larger flag was known as ''the'' Eagle.〔Hinds, 108〕 The name might have referred to the Byzantine eagle. The tradition reports Muhammad said that the advent of the Mahdi would be signaled by "Black Standards" proceeding from Khorasan and that it will be the flag of the army that will fight the Dajjal (Anti-Christ).〔 from the Fitan of Nu`aym and the Ahwal of Safarini. Also Cook, 125 and 206. Note that this particular tradition is ambiguous about whether the Mahdi himself would choose the black banner. Other traditions will be less circumspect (see below).〕 At Siffin, according to the Arab tradition, `Ali used the ''liwā'' of the Prophet, which as noted above was white;〔 but those who fought with him instead used black banners.〔Hinds, 109〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Black Standard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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